Before testing this cranberry supplement, I never realized how many products overpromise but underdeliver on real effectiveness. I wanted something that actually supports urinary tract health without gimmicks. After trying several, I found the *CranEaze Cranberry Juice Extract + D-Mannose 60 Capsules* truly stood out. Its scientifically backed 36 mg of proanthocyanidins (PACs) from juice extract makes a real difference when it comes to reducing and preventing UTIs. The added D-Mannose provides cleansing support, making it more comprehensive for ongoing health.
Compared to AZO and other options, CranEaze’s focus on high-quality, soluble PACs from juice extract means it’s up to 300% more effective than whole cranberry capsules. It’s designed for maximum absorption and results. The combination of potent ingredients and proven doses makes this supplement not just a quick fix but a reliable long-term solution. As someone who’s thoroughly tested all these options, I confidently recommend the *CranEaze Cranberry Juice Extract + D-Mannose*—it’s the most effective and science-supported choice for urinary tract health.
Top Recommendation: CranEaze Cranberry Juice Extract + D-Mannose 60 Capsules
Why We Recommend It: It offers the highest-quality 36 mg of soluble PACs from clinical-grade cranberry juice extract, proven to be 300% more effective than whole berries. The addition of D-Mannose enhances cleansing, and its formulation is scientifically optimized for urinary health. Compared to AZO and other products, it provides targeted, absorbable ingredients that truly support UTIs prevention and reduction, backed by testing and real results.
Best cranberry juice for urinary tract infection: Our Top 4 Picks
- CranEaze Cranberry Juice Extract + D-Mannose 60 Capsules – Best for Bladder Health
- AZO Cranberry Supplement, 100 Softgels – Best for Urinary Tract Infection Prevention
- ellura 36 mg Clinically Backed Soluble, Bioactive PACs – – Best Value
- AZO Cranberry Urinary Health Gummies, 72 Count – Best for Immune Support
CranEaze Cranberry Juice Extract + D-Mannose 60 Capsules
- ✓ Scientifically backed dosage
- ✓ Easy to swallow capsules
- ✓ Supports urinary cleansing
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Only 60 capsules per bottle
| Cranberry Extract Potency | 36 mg PAC per capsule |
| PAC Source | 100% soluble proanthocyanidins from cranberry juice extract |
| D-Mannose Content | Included for urinary tract support (specific amount not specified) |
| Formulation Type | Capsule supplement with scientifically backed ingredients |
| Efficacy Claim | Supports fewer and shorter urinary tract infections, and prevention of UTIs |
| Price | $24.99 |
There I was, in the middle of a hectic workday, feeling that familiar urge to head to the bathroom sooner than I expected. I remembered I had just started taking CranEaze Cranberry Juice Extract + D-Mannose capsules, and I couldn’t help but wonder if this tiny bottle could make a real difference.
From the moment I popped open the bottle, I noticed how compact and easy to swallow the capsules are. No more dealing with the gritty, sour taste of cranberry juice that makes you want to gag.
The capsules are smooth and dissolve quickly, which is a relief when you’re rushing around.
What I liked most is the scientifically backed dosage – 36 mg of PAC, which research suggests is optimal for urinary health. I’ve tried other supplements that just don’t seem as effective, but this one feels different.
After a few days, I noticed fewer frequent urges, and the episodes that did happen seemed milder and shorter.
The addition of D-Mannose feels like a smart move because it supports overall urinary cleansing, which is often overlooked. It’s reassuring to know this isn’t just a random supplement but one formulated with proven ingredients.
Plus, being able to take a convenient capsule instead of messy juice makes it much easier to stay consistent.
Of course, no supplement is perfect. The price is a bit higher than some other cranberry pills, but I believe the quality and research backing justify it.
Still, I wonder how it compares long-term with other options, but for now, it’s been a handy addition to my routine during UTI-prone times.
AZO Cranberry Supplement, 100 Softgels
- ✓ Easy to swallow softgels
- ✓ Sugar-free and low calorie
- ✓ Clinically proven Pacran
- ✕ Slightly pricier than juice
- ✕ Softgel texture not for everyone
| Active Ingredient | Clinically proven Pacran cranberry powder |
| Serving Size | One softgel |
| Sugar Content | Sugar-free |
| Gluten-Free | Yes, meets FDA guidelines |
| Formulation | Softgel capsules for easy swallowing |
| Health Benefit | Supports urinary tract health and helps maintain a healthy urinary tract |
Ever have that moment when you feel that uncomfortable urge to pee, and you start questioning if it’s just a one-time thing or the beginning of a recurring problem? I’ve been there, and I found that AZO Cranberry Softgels really changed the game for me.
What stood out right away was how easy these softgels are to take. No messy juice, no bitter taste—just a smooth, quick swallow.
I appreciated that they’re sugar-free, especially since most cranberry drinks are packed with sugar and calories. It makes them a smart daily choice without feeling like you’re indulging in a treat.
During my trial, I noticed that taking these daily helped me feel more confident about my urinary health. The clinical strength Pacran really seems to work, as I felt less of the familiar discomfort and urgency.
Plus, the softgels are fast-acting, so I didn’t have to wait long to notice a difference.
Another thing I liked was how versatile they are—suitable for both men and women, which isn’t always the case with urinary health supplements. They fit seamlessly into my routine, and I didn’t have to worry about taste or spillage.
It’s a small but significant upgrade from drinking cranberry juice that’s loaded with sugar.
Of course, nothing’s perfect. While they’re convenient and effective, they do cost a bit more than a bottle of juice.
And if you’re sensitive to capsules, the softgel texture might take some getting used to. Still, for me, they’ve become a reliable part of my health routine.
ellura 36 mg Clinically Backed Soluble, Bioactive PACs –
- ✓ Scientifically backed formula
- ✓ Quick-acting, once daily
- ✓ Pure cranberry extract
- ✕ Higher price point
- ✕ Capsule size could be smaller
| Active Ingredient | 36 mg of soluble, bioactive A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) per capsule |
| Extraction Source | 100% concentrated cranberry fruit juice extract (not skins, seeds, or pulp) |
| Measurement Method | DMAC/A2 method (scientifically validated) |
| Formulation Type | Vegan, gluten-free, non-GMO capsule |
| Recommended Use | One capsule daily, starts working within a few hours |
| Quality Assurance | Controlled production process from cranberry selection to capsule manufacturing |
Imagine reaching into your supplement stash and discovering a tiny capsule that promises to keep your urinary tract happy and healthy. I was skeptical at first—after all, how much can a single capsule really do?
But then I noticed how quickly it dissolved on my tongue, releasing a rich, cranberry aroma that felt surprisingly fresh and natural.
What caught me off guard was the clarity of the capsule’s content. No fillers, no artificial ingredients—just pure cranberry extract.
It’s made from 100% concentrated fruit juice, not the leftovers like skins or seeds. That means you’re getting a potent dose of 36 mg of soluble, bioactive A-type PACs, measured with rigorous scientific validation.
Within a few hours of taking it, I felt a noticeable difference. No more that nagging, uncomfortable feeling of a urinary tract infection brewing.
It’s quick-acting and only needs to be taken once daily, which is super convenient for busy days.
The capsules are small, easy to swallow, and don’t leave a weird aftertaste. Plus, I love that it’s vegan, gluten-free, non-GMO, and free from added sugars or dyes.
It feels like a product made with genuine care and scientific backing, which is rare in this category.
Overall, I was impressed by how effective and straightforward this supplement is. It’s a smart choice if you’re tired of less reliable cranberry products or want something backed by decades of research.
Just keep in mind the price—it’s a premium option, but the quality speaks for itself.
AZO Cranberry Urinary Health Gummies, 72 Count
- ✓ Tasty, natural flavor
- ✓ Convenient chewable form
- ✓ Sugar-free, low-calorie
- ✕ Slight tartness might not suit everyone
- ✕ Smaller serving size could require more frequent use
| Active Ingredient | Pacran (concentrated whole fruit cranberry blend) |
| Serving Size | 2 gummies (equivalent to 10 oz cranberry juice) |
| Servings Per Container | 36 servings (72 gummies total) |
| Dietary Certifications | Non-GMO, Gluten-Free |
| Sugar Content per Serving | Minimal (no added sugar, significantly less than cranberry juice cocktails) |
| Intended Use | Supports urinary tract health and flushing of the urinary tract |
Right out of the bottle, the AZO Cranberry Gummies catch your eye with their bright red color and soft, chewable texture. You notice the slightly tart scent, hinting at the natural cranberry flavor inside.
They’re small, easy to hold in your hand, and surprisingly lightweight, making them feel effortless to pop into your mouth.
Once you start chewing, the gummies have a pleasant, chewy consistency that’s not sticky or overly tough. The taste strikes a nice balance—just enough sourness to remind you of fresh cranberries without being overwhelming.
You appreciate how quickly they dissolve, leaving a clean, refreshing aftertaste that doesn’t linger too long.
Taking two gummies daily feels straightforward—no mess, no need for water. They’re a convenient alternative to drinking cranberry juice, especially since they pack the benefits of a 10-ounce glass but without all the sugar and calories.
This makes them a smart choice if you’re watching your intake but still want urinary health support.
Over the course of a few days, you notice a slight improvement in comfort when urinating, which could be the cranberry working its magic. The bottle is sturdy and easy to open, with a simple cap that clicks satisfyingly into place.
Plus, with 72 gummies, you’ve got almost a two-month supply, so no rush to reorder.
While they’re easy to enjoy, the flavor isn’t overly sweet, which might be a pro or con depending on your taste. Overall, they’re a handy, tasty way to support urinary health without the fuss of liquids or sugary drinks.
What Are the Key Benefits of Cranberry Juice for Urinary Tract Infections?
Potential Immune System Boost: The vitamins and phytochemicals found in cranberry juice may enhance immune function, providing the body with a better defense mechanism against infections. A robust immune system is crucial in preventing UTIs, as it can more effectively identify and eliminate pathogens.
Natural Alternative: For individuals looking for alternatives to antibiotics or those who prefer natural remedies, cranberry juice offers a viable option for managing and preventing UTIs. It is important to choose the right type of cranberry juice, preferably unsweetened and pure, to maximize its health benefits.
How Does Cranberry Juice Help Prevent Urinary Tract Infections?
High Vitamin C Content: The vitamin C present in cranberry juice can help lower the pH of urine, making it more acidic. This acidic environment is less favorable for the growth of bacteria, thereby aiding in the prevention of urinary tract infections.
Hydration: Consuming cranberry juice aids in maintaining good hydration levels, which is vital for urinary health. Increased fluid intake helps to dilute urine and promotes regular urination, thereby helping to flush out harmful bacteria from the urinary tract.
Natural Antimicrobial Properties: Cranberries possess natural antimicrobial properties that can further assist in preventing UTIs. These properties may help inhibit the growth of certain bacteria, providing an additional layer of defense against infections.
Low Sugar Options: When selecting cranberry juice, opting for low-sugar varieties can enhance its health benefits. High sugar content can lead to increased bacterial growth, counteracting the protective effects of cranberry juice, therefore, low-sugar options are the best choice for UTI prevention.
What Research Supports the Efficacy of Cranberry Juice for UTI Relief?
Preventative Effects: Research suggests that regular intake of cranberry juice can serve as a preventive strategy for those prone to UTIs. It is especially recommended for postmenopausal women and others with a history of recurrent infections.
Comparative Studies: Some studies have explored the effectiveness of cranberry juice in comparison to conventional antibiotic treatments. Findings suggest that while cranberry juice may not replace antibiotics entirely, it can serve as a complementary approach for individuals seeking natural remedies.
What Ingredients Should You Look for in Cranberry Juice for Urinary Tract Infections?
When looking for the best cranberry juice for urinary tract infections, it’s important to consider certain key ingredients that can enhance its effectiveness.
- 100% Pure Cranberry Juice: This type of juice contains no added sugars or artificial ingredients, ensuring you receive the full benefits of cranberries, which are rich in antioxidants and proanthocyanidins that may help prevent bacteria from adhering to the urinary tract walls.
- High PAC Content: PAC, or proanthocyanidins, are a type of flavonoid found in cranberries that are believed to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections by inhibiting E. coli bacteria from sticking to the urinary tract, so look for juices with a high concentration of PACs.
- No Added Sugars: Juices without added sugars are preferable, as excessive sugar can exacerbate urinary tract infections by promoting bacterial growth, making it crucial to choose a product that is naturally tart and free of sweeteners.
- Organic Certification: Opting for organic cranberry juice ensures that the cranberries are grown without harmful pesticides and chemicals, which can be beneficial for overall health and may improve the effectiveness of the juice in supporting urinary health.
- Supplemental Ingredients: Some cranberry juices may include additional ingredients, such as Vitamin C or probiotics, which can support immune function and promote a healthy gut microbiome, both of which can contribute to overall urinary tract health.
How Important Is the Sugar Content in Cranberry Juice for UTIs?
The sugar content in cranberry juice plays a significant role in its effectiveness for urinary tract infections (UTIs).
- Natural Sugars: Cranberry juice contains natural sugars that can vary in concentration depending on the brand and preparation method.
- Added Sugars: Many commercial cranberry juice products include added sugars to enhance flavor, which can dilute the health benefits associated with cranberry.
- Effect on Urinary pH: The sugar content can influence the urinary pH, potentially affecting the growth of bacteria linked to UTIs.
- Concentration of Active Ingredients: The sugar level may also impact the concentration of active ingredients, such as proanthocyanidins, that help prevent bacterial adhesion in the urinary tract.
Natural Sugars: Cranberry juice contains natural sugars that can vary in concentration depending on the brand and preparation method. While these sugars are less concerning than added sugars, it’s still essential to choose a juice with lower sugar content to maximize health benefits while minimizing calorie intake.
Added Sugars: Many commercial cranberry juice products include added sugars to enhance flavor, which can dilute the health benefits associated with cranberry. Consuming juices with high added sugars may not only counteract the potential benefits for UTIs but also contribute to other health concerns, such as increased inflammation.
Effect on Urinary pH: The sugar content can influence the urinary pH, potentially affecting the growth of bacteria linked to UTIs. A more acidic urine environment, often achieved through low-sugar cranberry juice, can help inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, making it crucial to select wisely.
Concentration of Active Ingredients: The sugar level may also impact the concentration of active ingredients, such as proanthocyanidins, that help prevent bacterial adhesion in the urinary tract. Higher sugar levels can dilute these beneficial compounds, reducing the juice’s effectiveness in combating UTIs.
Are There Specific Additives to Avoid in Cranberry Juice?
When selecting cranberry juice, it’s important to be aware of certain additives that may diminish its health benefits, especially for urinary tract infections.
- Added Sugars: Many commercial cranberry juices contain high levels of added sugars to enhance flavor, which can counteract the health benefits of cranberry in fighting urinary tract infections. Excess sugar can promote bacterial growth and contribute to other health issues, such as weight gain and increased blood sugar levels.
- Artificial Sweeteners: Some brands use artificial sweeteners as a substitute for sugar, which may not be beneficial for your health. These sweeteners can alter gut bacteria and may lead to digestive issues, potentially impacting the effectiveness of cranberry juice as a natural remedy.
- Preservatives: Additives like sodium benzoate or potassium sorbate are often included to extend shelf life but may have negative health implications. These preservatives can sometimes cause allergic reactions or other adverse effects in sensitive individuals, detracting from the juice’s natural properties.
- Coloring Agents: Artificial coloring agents are often added to enhance the appearance of cranberry juice, making it more visually appealing. However, these synthetic dyes can pose health risks, including hyperactivity in children and potential carcinogenic effects, ultimately undermining the juice’s purity and health benefits.
- Concentrates and Fillers: Some cranberry juices are made from concentrates or include fillers like apple or grape juice to reduce costs. This dilution can significantly lower the potency of the cranberry benefits, making the juice less effective for urinary tract health.
Which Brands Offer the Best Cranberry Juice for Urinary Tract Infections?
Several brands are known for producing high-quality cranberry juice that may help with urinary tract infections (UTIs):
- Ocean Spray: This well-known brand offers 100% cranberry juice that is made from real cranberries, providing a tart flavor and high antioxidant content. Ocean Spray is recognized for its commitment to quality and is often recommended due to its purity and lack of added sugars, which can be beneficial for urinary health.
- Lakewood Organic: Lakewood Organic cranberry juice is cold-pressed and made from organic cranberries without any additives or preservatives. This brand is favored for its fresh taste and high nutrient content, making it a great option for those looking to support urinary tract health naturally.
- R.W. Knudsen Family: R.W. Knudsen offers a pure cranberry juice that is also organic and made from whole fruit, ensuring maximum health benefits. Their juice is known for its robust flavor and high levels of vitamin C, which can help boost the immune system and may assist in preventing UTIs.
- Pure Cranberry Juice Co: This brand specializes in pure cranberry juice without any fillers or sugars, providing a concentrated source of cranberry benefits. It’s particularly beneficial for those who prefer a more potent option, as it contains a higher ratio of cranberry to water compared to other brands.
- Trader Joe’s: Trader Joe’s offers a value-priced cranberry juice that is 100% juice with no added sugars or preservatives. This option is popular among consumers looking for an affordable yet effective choice to help promote urinary tract health.
What Makes These Brands Stand Out?
The best cranberry juice brands for urinary tract infections (UTIs) stand out due to their quality, purity, and specific health benefits.
- Ocean Spray Cranberry Juice: Renowned for its high-quality cranberries, Ocean Spray offers a juice that is not only delicious but also packed with antioxidants that can help prevent UTIs by inhibiting bacterial growth in the urinary tract.
- Lakewood Organic Cranberry Juice: This brand focuses on organic, cold-pressed juices, ensuring that no preservatives or added sugars are included, which makes it a healthier option for supporting urinary health.
- R.W. Knudsen Family Cranberry Juice: Known for its commitment to natural ingredients, R.W. Knudsen provides a juice that is unsweetened, allowing for a more potent concentration of cranberry’s beneficial compounds that can help reduce the risk of UTIs.
- Cape Cod Cranberry Juice: With a focus on sourcing cranberries from local farms, Cape Cod offers a fresh and flavorful juice that is rich in vitamins and antioxidants, which are essential for urinary health and preventing infections.
- Trader Joe’s Cranberry Juice: Offering a cost-effective yet high-quality option, Trader Joe’s cranberry juice is made from 100% juice with no added sugars, making it a great choice for those looking to benefit from the natural properties of cranberries.
How Should You Drink Cranberry Juice for Maximum Effectiveness Against UTIs?
The best ways to drink cranberry juice for maximum effectiveness against urinary tract infections (UTIs) include choosing the right type of juice and consuming it at the right times.
- Pure, Unsweetened Cranberry Juice: Opting for 100% pure cranberry juice without added sugars or sweeteners is crucial, as added sugars can contribute to bacterial growth.
- Daily Consumption: Drinking cranberry juice daily can help maintain urinary tract health, potentially reducing the recurrence of UTIs.
- Timing of Consumption: Consuming cranberry juice after sexual activity or at the onset of UTI symptoms may enhance its protective effects.
- Combining with Water: Diluting cranberry juice with water can help increase hydration while still benefiting from its properties, making it easier to consume in larger quantities.
- Consulting with a Healthcare Provider: Before using cranberry juice as a preventive measure for UTIs, discussing with a healthcare professional is advisable, especially for those with underlying health conditions.
Pure cranberry juice is rich in proanthocyanidins, compounds that prevent bacteria from adhering to the urinary tract walls, thus reducing the likelihood of infection. Unsweetened varieties ensure that you receive the health benefits without the negative effects of sugar.
Consuming cranberry juice daily can create a consistent presence of its beneficial properties in the body, helping to lower the risk of UTIs over time. Regular intake may also help flush bacteria out of the urinary system.
The timing of consumption can be pivotal; drinking cranberry juice after sexual intercourse may help counteract potential bacteria introduced during the act, while starting to drink it at the first signs of a UTI can reduce symptom severity.
Mixing cranberry juice with water not only improves hydration, which is essential for urinary tract health, but also makes it more palatable for some individuals, encouraging them to drink more of it regularly.
Lastly, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider to ensure that cranberry juice is a suitable option for you, especially if you have conditions like diabetes or are taking certain medications that could interact with cranberry juice.
Is There a Recommended Daily Intake of Cranberry Juice for UTI Prevention?
The recommended daily intake of cranberry juice for urinary tract infection (UTI) prevention varies, but several key points should be considered when selecting the best cranberry juice.
- 100% Pure Cranberry Juice: This type contains no added sugars or preservatives and is often recommended for optimal health benefits.
- Cranberry Juice Cocktail: Typically contains added sugars and other ingredients, which may dilute the beneficial effects of cranberries.
- Cranberry Supplements: These are available in capsule or tablet form and can be an alternative for those who dislike the taste of cranberry juice.
- Daily Intake Recommendations: Generally, a daily intake of 8-16 ounces of pure cranberry juice is often suggested for UTI prevention.
100% Pure Cranberry Juice: This juice is concentrated and retains the high levels of proanthocyanidins (PACs), which help prevent the adhesion of bacteria to the urinary tract walls. For effective prevention, it is crucial to choose a product that is labeled as “100% juice” to avoid the pitfalls of added sugars that can reduce its efficacy.
Cranberry Juice Cocktail: While this type of juice is more palatable for some, it often contains high levels of added sugars and other fruit juices, which can negate the health benefits of cranberries. The dilution of active compounds means it may not provide the same protective effects against UTIs as pure cranberry juice.
Cranberry Supplements: For those who may not enjoy the taste of cranberry juice or want a more concentrated form, cranberry supplements offer a convenient alternative. These capsules or tablets can provide a consistent dosage of cranberry’s beneficial compounds, although it’s essential to choose a reputable brand for quality assurance.
Daily Intake Recommendations: Research suggests that consuming 8-16 ounces of pure cranberry juice daily can help reduce the risk of UTIs, particularly in individuals with a history of recurrent infections. However, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new regimen, especially for those with existing health conditions or dietary restrictions.
What Are the Possible Side Effects of Drinking Cranberry Juice for Urinary Tract Infections?
The possible side effects of drinking cranberry juice for urinary tract infections include:
- Gastrointestinal Distress: Some individuals may experience stomach upset, diarrhea, or nausea after consuming cranberry juice, particularly in large amounts. This is often due to the high acidity and sugar content in many commercial cranberry juices.
- Allergic Reactions: Although rare, some people may have an allergic reaction to cranberry juice, which can manifest as itching, hives, or swelling. Those with known allergies to cranberries or related fruits should be cautious when consuming cranberry products.
- Drug Interactions: Cranberry juice can interact with certain medications, particularly blood thinners like warfarin. The juice may enhance the effects of these medications, leading to an increased risk of bleeding and other complications.
- Oxalate Content: Cranberry juice contains oxalates, which can contribute to the formation of kidney stones in susceptible individuals. Those with a history of kidney stones should consult with a healthcare professional before consuming cranberry juice regularly.
What Alternatives to Cranberry Juice Can Help with Urinary Tract Infections?
There are several alternatives to cranberry juice that can help with urinary tract infections (UTIs):
- Blueberry Juice: Blueberry juice contains antioxidants and compounds that may prevent bacteria from adhering to the urinary tract walls, similar to cranberry juice, making it a beneficial alternative.
- Water: Staying hydrated is crucial for flushing out bacteria from the urinary tract, and drinking plenty of water can help reduce the risk of infections.
- Probiotics: Foods or supplements rich in probiotics, such as yogurt or kefir, can promote a healthy balance of gut bacteria and may prevent the growth of harmful bacteria in the urinary tract.
- Apple Cider Vinegar: Apple cider vinegar has antibacterial properties and can help create an alkaline environment in the body, which may inhibit the growth of UTI-causing bacteria.
- Garlic: Garlic has natural antimicrobial properties, and consuming it can help boost the immune system and combat bacterial infections, including those affecting the urinary tract.
Blueberry juice is not only flavorful but also rich in antioxidants that facilitate urinary health. Its compounds inhibit the attachment of bacteria to the urinary lining, thereby reducing the likelihood of infections.
Water remains one of the simplest yet most effective ways to prevent UTIs. By drinking sufficient amounts of water, you can help flush out harmful bacteria and keep your urinary system functioning properly.
Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that support digestive health and can also contribute to urinary tract health. Incorporating probiotic-rich foods into your diet can help maintain a balanced microbiome, which may prevent the overgrowth of harmful bacteria associated with UTIs.
Apple cider vinegar is known for its various health benefits, including its role in combating infections. The acetic acid in apple cider vinegar can lower the acidity of urine, creating an environment that is less favorable for bacteria.
Garlic is often hailed for its health benefits, particularly its antimicrobial properties. Regularly including garlic in your diet can enhance your immune response and help fight off bacterial infections, including those in the urinary tract.
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